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I had this exact same thing happen on ym 350 dually and it was everything you just explained. My cause was a broken brake assembly in the hub which locked the drum up in the rear and the torque was so much it sheared the bolt heads off and spit the axle out of the housing. Axle looked brand new, not a scratch on it to when it got spit out. The splines lined back up perfect. I never heard a squeak, nor a grind, nor loss of pedal, i mean nothing before then to lead me to believe it had bad brakes. When I pulled the drum off the shoes were worn to the metal so much the rivets were gone. The one shoe got mangled into the drum which locked it up and all the retainer clips, tensioin springs, and e-brake assembly were destroyed. It left a pile of chewed metal in the drum. I would since you got it apart for the most part, pull the drum and check it out. Even if you think its not that still dosn't hurt to check your brakes anyway since its apart. I would check bothsides as well. I did on my dually and found the otherside to be ok and i really didn't have to but the peace of mind was worth the time. I would also if you dont tear the otherside down, re-torque those bolts as well. Best of luck
Cowboy Steve
*EDIT*- Guess im a few posts to late, lol. Glad to hear you got it fixed. I still wouldn't hesitate to take a look at the brakes and drum assemblies. You dont spit axles out for no reason, If it was my truck Id want to know especially if it was my daily driver.
pardon me to chime in on your thread but I have to watch my bolts on the left rear only. they work loose all the time. so much so that I left the center caps off just to keep an eye on them