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I am looking to get rid of the wimpy 3.0L in my 1999 Ford Ranger 4x4 and I was wondering what was the biggest motor I could put back into it without major drivetrain modifications.
Define drivetrain. If you are talking about the tranny and rear axle, I have the following advise: The biggest motor you can put with the current engine would be one based on a 3.0L. The tranny won't work with any other engine I know of, and the rear axle isn't going to like much more power.
If you are looking into an engine swap, I'd find a 4.0L Ranger/B-Series/Explorer/Mountaineer of the same year and swap the parts over. At this point, you are almost better off buying another truck. 5.0L Explorer/Mountaineer AWD swap could also be of interest, you'd be in the same situation of getting a complete parts vehicle.
if you want to swap anything it will take major modications including a new trans. the 3.0l is based on the taurus motor and it uses a one of a kind transmission.
If you want a project, do the 5.0 swap, James Duff enterprises has the 5.0 conversion kits. It this is you main mode of tranpertation, you would be better off trading for a 4.0 sohc ranger. Less involving and less expense in the end when you concider the rearend, tranny, odds and ends and the reliability factor.
I would go after a 4.0 V6 and tranny out of a 2003 or newer Ranger. They're rated at an impressive 207hp and after driving my dads quite a few times..I know it has plenty of gitty up. You wont be embarrassed at stoplight sprints.
I reread your post and see you have a 4x4, so your diffs should be fine. You would a 4.0, tranny and computer. Not sure but maybe the 4.0 t-case and wiring harness as well. A wrecked doner truck would be ideal.