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Is your Glow plug relay (GPR) working? Here's a video on how to test it.
It would help to know how many miles, any mods, anything you know about the truck, etc.
circllb, your symptoms indicate bad glow plugs and/or glow plug relay (GPR). Checking the relay is easy and you can jump it with a screwdriver for a minute then try starting the truck when cold. Once warmed up it won't activate. Next you can ohm out your glow plugs through the connectors on the valve covers.
First thought is fuel pump, especially if she was low on power beforehand. Key it on but do not start, you should hear the pump running for 20 seconds. It's mounted on the frame rail just beneath the driver door. Should sound smooth, not variable. Would be great to get fuel pressure from a gauge mounted to the fuel bowl, but that's kinda involved. Easier step; on the back of the fuel bowl you will find the yellow fuel drain lever. Follow the drain pipe to see where it exits near the right front tire. Open lever while pump is running and you'll get a healthy splash of fuel all over your Ariats if you're standing near there. A container under the pipe will help. If just a trickle of fuel pretty good sign it's the pump.
As to the knocking... have you been maintaining the coolant SCAs? Worth checking the oil for color/smell/level.