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As the old saying goes, "anything's possible with enough time, money, and dedication."
Why do you want a V10 specifically? What V10 are you looking at?
The only V10s I know for a Ford are their newer Triton/modular engines. Those are EFI. You'd have to transplant all of the electronics, redo all your engine mounts, etc. etc. Not to mention, you'd need a new transmission since your current one won't bolt to it.
In my opinion, your money would be better spend just upgrading the engine you already have. However, as said, if you want to do it, anything's possible if your pockets are deep enough.
Welcome to FTE, basically re-iterating what Abandoned said, it is possible but you would need some money and parts and time. As for the V10,you could probably find and older one from another brand of vehicle (i don't know brands that ran V10) and try to modify it enough to run it. People have put diesels in their broncos before and i'm sure that was a task and a half. You would probably also need to make more room in the engine bay cause an 82 with a 351W in it there probably won't be much room to play.
Yup we understand your customizing and we do a bit ourselves. I don't know anyone who has dropped a v10 in their bronco but it would be a pretty interesting project. I just don't know anything about v10s as to what vehicles they came in and if they had gas versions besides like late 2000s sporty vehicles....
Be ready for alot of fabrication. The modular motors are taller and wider than the windor small blocks due to the overhead cam design. Ive heard that some modifying of the heater box is required with the 4.6/5.4 SOHC Tritons. Now your throwing in another pair of cylinders. your probably looking at some extensive firewall modifications. IMO, its not worth the cost and time factor for the performance that the V10 offers, where a well built Windsor small block, or FE big bock, or 5.4 supercharged Triton could offer the same or even more performance. But its your time and money. And it definately be 1-of-a-kind. Pics are a must!