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Anything is possible I suppose. I'm sure someone has tried it (or something similar). With a 12 year difference in the components it is highly unlikely that anything is going to just line up and bolt together though. Fabrication and modification will be the name of the game I should think. Someone may chime in that has had a hand in this sort of hybrid-making though.
I've never done such a swap as you proposed, but I've seen a mid-1960's F100 that was put on a later model F150 frame (had to have been a frame from '80-onwards, because it had the IFS set-up) that was for sale on an auto body repair/dealer's lot. It looked nearly like it had come from the factory that way, but then again, it was a full-on restoration and had taken the guy months to do. He had pictures of every step and it was pretty labor intensive with all the body work and such. I've also seen an article in a magazine about a fellow who put a pickup cab and a shortened Camper Special pickup box on a Bronco frame, so I suppose it can be done. As I recall, he'd had to fabricate all new body mounts, because the truck cab did'nt mount in the same way as the Bronco did. This guy did a lift kit, big tires, etc., as well, so that was another batch of problems to get around.
It can be done, but then again, with enough money and determination and either skills or luck, (depending on your viewpoint), pretty much anything can be made to look and perform the way you want it. Either way, though, it will take a lot of time and fabricating and patience to be done right. The trucks wheelbase, even if it is a shortbed, will be longer than the Bronco's, so that's a lot of fabrication work right there. If it were my truck and I was determined to put 4x4 running gear under it, I'd find a frame from a truck with a wheelbase closer to the F100. I would think that would save you a lot of headaches, anyway.
Rezvani's Latest Post-Apocalytic Monster Is a Ford F-150 Raptor Underneath
Slideshow: Called the Fortress, the 850-horsepower pickup combines Raptor underpinnings with military-inspired features, survival equipment, and a starting price of $285,000.