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Installing a CAT can and has been done on occasion.
Although if you look at the modifications and cost it just is not worth it. What tranny would you use?. Are you going to upgrade the rest of the drive train at the truck will only be as good as the next weakest link like the tranny, driveshaft, U-joints, axles, etc.....
If you are bored, got lots of money and time on your hands than no problem, go for it, or maybe have a look at the new F650 which comes with a CAT engine that puts out 300 hp and is not even turbo-charged......
You can put one in. It will be tight and you will most likely need a body lift. These are tall engines and with a unitized head you have air intake piping going over the top of the motor.
Finding a trans is easy. FS series eaton transmission are everywhere and they can be either a 5 or 6 speed or you can get an allison auto for one. They are common.
These are good engines but alot of people don't like them because the fuel system can be a headache to set if you don't know the tricks. I set them up all of the time for people. I have to set one up this weekend that is in a 953 Cat highlift. It is easy money. They build the motors and call me to set the fuel system up. I spent the 2 grand for the tools to do it and it has payed off.
The problem is that if you get a high HP motor with big iron it doesn't take much to get 400 HP and 1200 FT LBS of torque. which will destroy a pick up rear end so then when you upgrage that with you might as well find a GMC Top kick and put a Ford body on the frame.