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I must assume your talking about the compression ration of an internal combustion engine? It is technically the ratio of the volume of the combustion chamber when the piston is at top dead center and when the piston is at bottom dead center.
For example, if you have a combustion chamber that holds 100 cc's with the piston down and 10 cc's with the piston up, then you have a 10:1 compression engine.
Compression ratio is the ratio between the total volume of a cylinder and its combustion chamber when the piston is at BDC (the bottom of it's stroke) and the total volume of the cylinder and its combustion chamber when the piston is at TDC ( the top of its stroke).
I'm sure that's what PITROW meant but he misspoke when he mentioned only the combustion chamber.