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You will need to stay on the small side with regards to trailers, or buy a bigger truck. The hitch needs to be bolted through the bed to the frame at minimum. The better hitches have plates under the bed that attach to the hitch above the bed, but hopefully you are only considering a lighter trailer.
The other issue you have is the short bed. You should really consider a sliding hitch so you don't clip the corner of the cab/trailer when manuvering in tight areas.
IMO, anything larger than a light weight 24' is going to be too much for your trucks driveline, suspension and brakes. I do think you are on the right track looking at a fifth wheel, bumper towing stinks.
I towed my 5er with my 2000 f150 and had no problem expect for the hills.
Dry weight is around 6500lbs. Now I pull it with my 2008, much better pulling power and stopping.
Generally you center the kingpin 1 inch ahead of the axle. Mounting the hitch in the bed depends on the brand you decide. Most have steel pieces that attach to the frame and bolts that run through the bed mounting hardware down through the frame pieces.
You can get by without a slider in a short bed as long as you always pay attention and remember that a tight turn is going to be a problem.
My ex-F150, a 98 4.6L Super Cab 4x4, was bought new by a local grading company. I got it with 163K miles on it. It had a gooseneck hitch on it and it appeared it was well used. I can't say how or with what load but you might make an assumption since it was a grading contractor!!