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Your question is fairly ambiguous, but the most notable difference is in the outside appearance, inasmuch as the body style changed fairly dramatically in 1980.
Nearly everything except the engines and the rear axles changed. The body, frame, suspension geometry, and interior are different between the 2 series of trucks. There are advantages to either style. The 70's seem to last longer, rust-wise, but the 80's are built with slightly tougher frames and suspensions. The 80's also used a heck of a lot fewer bolts and screws for putting stuff together. I think that would be to make it quicker on the assembly line. The hood on the 80's also opens a lot wider to make it easier to work on the engine.
Ford had a major redesign for 1980: their advertising of the time bragged on how serious of a redesign they really did. Not just a cosmetic update, the whole truck is different from front to back, with the exception of the engines and transmissions which were merely updated. The 80's trucks weighed up to 700 pounds less than the 79's, according to Ford, and as these trucks age, you can see some areas where they took out too much,such as the tailgates, which are flimsly. The 4WD trucks in the new series got "twin traction beam", which was a 4WD version of the twin I beam front suspension. The interiors were completely different, as was the entire styling if the truck. good trucks, all, tho.
Ford trucks used basicly the same body from '73 the '79 model. The 1980 Ford was all new and the basic shell ran thru 1996. There were alot of grill and trim changes, all of these trucks are good ones.
The longest continuous style on a truck was the Ford F series that ran from 67-79. It was also the most popular. I have a friend here in Vancouver, WA that sells old Ford trucks. He can't keep anything from 67-79 in the yard. They sell like hot cakes. The 80s style sell nowhere as good as the 70s. I personally own a 1967 F250 and 1979 F150. I started not to buy the 79 because it was too new for me. I love the old Fords. What a truck. I hop in my 67 and it takes me back in time. I just wish gas was 30 cents a gallon and not $l.50.
70's trucks definatly had weaker front and rear sub-frames. Only takes a small impact to bend these. But they're easy to starighten and I'd have to say that late 70's and early 80's trucks were some of the best ford ever produced.