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My guess is that your choke isn't properly adjusted and your battery is only marginal, and your oil is thick and gummy. The extremely cold temperatures have made your battery greatly lose capacity. Your oil is so thick that the engine is very hard to turn. It cranks but it's so slow that it's not making real good vacuum to draw the air and fuel into the cylinders, plus the mixture isn't rich enough. You tried for a while but when you finally gave up and went for the starting fluid you have either succeeded in flooding the engine, or you've got so little juice left in your battery that you're spending so much power on cranking there isn't anything left for a good hot spark, or both.
I would recommend charging the battery FULLY. This takes hours, not just 30 minutes with one of those high voltage high current battery cookers that people call chargers. While that's happening, go through the procedure to properly set and adjust the choke. Pour a bottle of HEET into your tank to help absorb any moisture in your lines before it freezes (although if there is any it is already frozen now).
You might also want to consider switching to a synthetic oil, or at the very least just a thinner oil for cold weather starts. A block heater or oil heater wouldn't be a bad idea either.